The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA) of 2008, codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, mandates a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 25% below 1990 levels by 2020 and by 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. The Act also established the Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS) and the Alternative Compliance Payments (ACPs) as key mechanisms to achieve these goals. The RPS requires electric retail suppliers to source a minimum percentage of their electricity from eligible renewable or alternative energy sources. When a supplier cannot meet this requirement through direct purchase of Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), they can make an ACP to the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (MassCEC). The ACP amount is determined by a schedule set by the Department of Energy Resources (DOER), which is adjusted annually. For the compliance year 2024, the RPS requirement for Class I renewable energy is 22.5%. If an electric retail supplier in Massachusetts fails to meet this 22.5% requirement for Class I RECs, they must make an Alternative Compliance Payment. The calculation for the ACP is the shortfall in RECs multiplied by the Alternative Compliance Payment rate per REC. The question asks for the total ACP if a supplier falls short by 10,000 MWh of Class I RECs, and the applicable ACP rate is $65 per MWh. Therefore, the total ACP is 10,000 MWh * $65/MWh = $650,000. The explanation focuses on the GWSA’s emission reduction targets, the role of the RPS and ACPs, and how the ACP is calculated when RPS requirements are not met, specifically referencing the Class I requirement and the payment mechanism.

The Global Warming Solutions Act of 2008, as amended by the Climate Change Act of 2021, mandates significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions for Massachusetts. The law establishes a framework for achieving these reductions through sector-specific targets and a market-based compliance mechanism, the Massachusetts Clean Energy Standard (CES). The CES, administered by the Department of Energy Resources (DOER), requires electric distribution utilities to source an increasing percentage of their electricity from Class I renewable energy sources. Class I sources are defined as new renewable energy generating sources that commence commercial operation after December 31, 1997, and are located in Massachusetts or an adjacent state. Importantly, the CES also includes provisions for solar renewable energy certificates (SRECs) and other mechanisms to incentivize distributed generation. The Climate Change Act of 2021 further strengthened these requirements by setting ambitious economy-wide emissions reduction targets: at least 50% below 1990 levels by 2025, at least 75% by 2040, and net-zero emissions by 2050. The Act also introduced a requirement for the development of sector-specific emissions reduction roadmaps. The question probes the understanding of how Massachusetts leverages its regulatory framework, specifically the CES and its definition of eligible renewable energy sources, to achieve its climate goals, and how these mechanisms are integrated with broader legislative mandates for emissions reductions. The core of the question lies in identifying which type of renewable energy generation, under the specific definitions within Massachusetts law, would qualify for compliance with the CES and contribute to the state’s GHG reduction objectives. The focus is on the “newness” criterion and geographical proximity, key elements in defining eligible Class I resources.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA), codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, mandates significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions. Section 3(d) of the GWSA requires the Secretary of Energy and Environmental Affairs to establish a statewide GHG emissions limit, which was initially set at 1990 levels by 2000, a 10% reduction below 1990 levels by 2010, and a 25% reduction below 1990 levels by 2020. The Act further mandates a 50% reduction below 1990 levels by 2050. The GWSA also mandates the development of sector-specific emissions reduction potential reports and the implementation of policies and programs to achieve these reductions. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) is responsible for developing and implementing regulations to achieve these goals, including the Clean Energy Results Program and participation in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI). The concept of “cost-effective” emissions reductions is a critical component, requiring the Commonwealth to consider the economic impacts of proposed regulations. The GWSA’s framework is adaptive, allowing for adjustments based on scientific advancements and economic conditions.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act of 2008 (GWSA), codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, mandates significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions. The Act established a framework for achieving these reductions through sector-specific emissions limits and a system of trading allowances. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) is the primary agency responsible for implementing the GWSA. Key to this implementation is the promulgation of regulations that set aggregate emissions limits for specific sectors, such as electricity generation, transportation, and buildings. These regulations often employ a cap-and-trade mechanism, where a total cap on emissions is set for a sector, and allowances are distributed or auctioned. Entities within the sector must hold enough allowances to cover their emissions. The GWSA also requires the development of a Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS) and a Renewable Thermal Portfolio Standard (RTPS), which are crucial for decarbonizing the electricity and thermal sectors, respectively. The Act further mandates periodic reviews and updates to the GHG reduction targets and implementation plans to ensure progress towards the long-term goals, including achieving an 80% reduction in GHG emissions below 1990 levels by 2050. The concept of “cost-effective” strategies is central to the GWSA’s implementation, requiring MassDEP to consider economic impacts when developing regulations. The Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act (MEPA) also plays a role in ensuring that state actions, including those related to climate change mitigation, undergo appropriate environmental review. The concept of “environmental justice” is increasingly integrated into climate policy, ensuring that the burdens and benefits of climate action are equitably distributed.

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts has established a robust framework for greenhouse gas emissions reduction, primarily guided by the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2008 (GWSA), codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N. This act mandates specific, declining aggregate limits on greenhouse gas emissions for the Commonwealth. These limits are set by the Secretary of Energy and Environmental Affairs in consultation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) and are designed to achieve a 25% reduction below 1990 levels by 2020 and an 80% reduction by 2050. The GWSA also mandates the development of sector-specific emissions reduction plans to achieve these statewide goals. The Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS), while promoting renewable energy, is a distinct but complementary policy. The Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act (MEPA) requires environmental impact assessments for certain projects, which can include climate change impacts, but it is a procedural requirement for project review, not a direct emissions reduction mandate for specific sectors in the same way as the GWSA. The Clean Air Act, a federal law, primarily addresses criteria pollutants, though it has been interpreted to cover greenhouse gases under certain circumstances, but the GWSA represents Massachusetts’ specific and more aggressive legislative approach. Therefore, the GWSA is the foundational statute for setting the aggregate emissions reduction targets for the Commonwealth.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA) of 2008, codified in Massachusetts General Laws chapter 21N, mandates a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to 25% below 1990 levels by 2020 and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. The Act also established the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EEA) as the primary agency responsible for developing and implementing regulations to achieve these targets. Specifically, the EEA, through its departments like the Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP), promulgates regulations under the GWSA. These regulations often involve sector-specific emissions limits and strategies, such as the Massachusetts Clean Energy Standard (CES) and participation in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI). The CES, for example, requires electric distribution utilities to source a percentage of their electricity from clean energy, which includes renewables and nuclear power, thereby reducing emissions from the electricity sector. RGGI is a cooperative effort among several northeastern and mid-Atlantic states, including Massachusetts, to cap and reduce CO2 emissions from the power sector through a market-based cap-and-trade program. The Act’s success relies on a combination of regulatory mandates, market-based mechanisms, and inter-agency coordination to achieve its ambitious climate goals. The question probes the understanding of the foundational legislation and the key governmental bodies and mechanisms employed in Massachusetts to meet its legally binding emissions reduction targets.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA) of 2008, codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, established a framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A key component of this act is the requirement for the Secretary of Energy and Environmental Affairs to conduct periodic reviews and updates of the Commonwealth’s greenhouse gas emissions reduction plan. These plans are developed to achieve the specific emissions targets mandated by the GWSA, which include an 80% reduction from 1990 levels by 2050. The Act also mandates the establishment of sector-specific emissions limits and strategies. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) is responsible for promulgating regulations to implement these strategies. The concept of a “Massachusetts Clean Energy Standard” (CES) is a regulatory mechanism designed to increase the amount of electricity generated from clean and renewable sources, contributing to the overall emissions reduction goals. The CES is implemented through regulations that require electric suppliers to procure a certain percentage of their electricity from eligible clean energy resources. The progress and effectiveness of these plans and standards are subject to ongoing evaluation and adjustment to ensure compliance with the GWSA’s ambitious targets. The question tests the understanding of how regulatory mechanisms like the CES are integrated into the broader legislative framework of the GWSA to achieve climate mitigation goals in Massachusetts.

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, through its Global Warming Solutions Act of 2008 (GWSA), M.G.L. c. 21N, established ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets. The GWSA mandates a reduction of 25% below 1990 levels by 2020 and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. These targets are legally binding. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) is responsible for developing regulations and programs to achieve these goals. The concept of a “cap-and-invest” system, while a common market-based mechanism for emissions reduction, is not the primary or sole regulatory framework currently mandated by the GWSA for achieving these specific sector-wide reductions. Instead, the GWSA directs MassDEP to implement various strategies, which may include performance standards, incentives, and other regulatory approaches across different sectors. The Clean Energy Standard (CES), for example, requires retail electric suppliers to source a percentage of their electricity from eligible clean energy sources, contributing to the overall GHG reduction goals. While market mechanisms can be employed, the question asks about the direct mandate of the GWSA concerning achieving the overall reduction targets, which is not exclusively a cap-and-invest system. The GWSA’s mandate is broader, encompassing a range of measures to achieve the specified percentage reductions.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA) of 2008, codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, established a framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Section 3(d) of the GWSA mandates the establishment of a Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS) and a Renewable Thermal Standard (RTS). The RTS, specifically, aims to increase the use of solar thermal and other renewable thermal technologies for heating and cooling purposes. The Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources (DOER) is responsible for promulgating regulations to implement these standards. The Renewable Thermal Standard (RTS) regulations, found in 225 CMR 14.00, outline the eligibility criteria for renewable thermal energy, the compliance mechanisms for retail sellers of natural gas and electricity, and the creation of Renewable Thermal Certificates (RTCs). These certificates are generated by eligible renewable thermal projects and are purchased by obligated entities to meet their RTS obligations. The regulations also define key terms such as “qualified renewable thermal project,” “eligible renewable thermal energy,” and “compliance year.” The objective is to incentivize the displacement of fossil fuels in the thermal sector, which is a significant contributor to overall greenhouse gas emissions in the Commonwealth. The development of a robust market for RTCs is crucial for the successful implementation of the RTS, encouraging investment in renewable thermal technologies and ultimately contributing to the Commonwealth’s emission reduction targets. The RTS is a market-based mechanism designed to achieve specific environmental outcomes by creating a financial incentive for the adoption of cleaner thermal energy sources.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA) of 2008, codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, established legally binding targets for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions. The Act mandates an 80% reduction in GHG emissions below 1990 levels by 2050. Crucially, the GWSA requires the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EEA) to develop and update a Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS) and to implement sector-specific regulations to achieve these emissions limits. The GWSA also mandates the development of a Climate Change Adaptation Plan. The concept of “cost-effectiveness” is a guiding principle in the implementation of these measures, meaning that the strategies employed should achieve the greatest emissions reductions for the least economic cost. The Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) plays a significant role in developing and enforcing regulations under the GWSA, often in consultation with other state agencies. The Act’s framework allows for flexibility in achieving the targets, encouraging a portfolio of approaches including clean energy deployment, energy efficiency, and market-based mechanisms. The inclusion of specific sector targets and the requirement for regular progress reports are key components that ensure accountability. The Act also allows for the consideration of scientific advancements and economic impacts when setting and adjusting policies.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA), codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, establishes legally binding greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. Section 3(d) of the GWSA mandates the establishment of sector-specific emissions limits by the Secretary of Energy and Environmental Affairs, following a public comment period and consultation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) and the Energy Efficiency Advisory Council. These sector-specific regulations are critical for achieving the Commonwealth’s overall emission reduction goals, which include an 85% reduction from 1990 levels by 2050 and net-zero emissions thereafter. The process involves identifying key emitting sectors, such as electricity, transportation, buildings, and industry, and developing tailored strategies for each. This includes measures like renewable energy portfolio standards, vehicle emissions standards, building energy codes, and incentives for clean technologies. The GWSA’s framework emphasizes a science-based approach and adaptive management, allowing for adjustments to targets and strategies as new information becomes available. The inclusion of specific sector limits is a cornerstone of the state’s regulatory approach to climate mitigation, ensuring a comprehensive and actionable plan for decarbonization. The correct answer reflects this mandate for sector-specific limits as a direct consequence of the GWSA’s structure and intent to achieve quantifiable emission reductions across the economy.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA) of 2008, codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, mandates that the Commonwealth reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 25% below 1990 levels by 2020 and by 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. The Act also requires the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EOEEA) to develop and implement a Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS) and to establish a Massachusetts Clean Energy Center. The GWSA established a framework for sector-specific emissions reduction targets and required the development of a comprehensive climate change adaptation plan. It also created the Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Environmental Mitigation Trust Fund. The question probes the understanding of the specific percentage reduction target for the year 2020 as stipulated by the GWSA, which is a critical component of the state’s legally binding climate action framework. The calculation is straightforward: 25% reduction from the 1990 baseline.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA) of 2008, codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, established a framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The Act mandates a statewide emissions reduction limit of 25% below 1990 levels by 2020 and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) is tasked with developing regulations to achieve these goals, including the promulgation of sector-specific emissions limits and compliance mechanisms. The Clean Energy and Climate Plan for 2030 and Beyond, updated in 2022, sets a new goal of achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, with interim goals for 2030 and 2040. The concept of a “cap-and-invest” program, while not explicitly mandated in the GWSA, is a potential market-based mechanism that could be implemented to achieve these reductions, where a cap is placed on emissions, and allowances are allocated or auctioned, with proceeds potentially reinvested in clean energy and climate resilience projects. The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) is a cooperative, market-based program among states in the northeastern and mid-Atlantic United States to cap and reduce CO2 emissions from the power sector. Massachusetts is a participating state in RGGI. The question probes the understanding of the GWSA’s foundational emissions reduction targets and the role of MassDEP in implementing these through regulatory means, distinguishing it from other potential policy instruments or regional programs that may complement but are not the direct, statutorily defined core mechanism for achieving the state’s overall emissions targets. The core of the GWSA is the establishment of mandatory, quantifiable emissions reduction mandates for the state, to be achieved through regulatory action by MassDEP.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act of 2008 (GWSA), codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, established ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets. Section 3(d) of the Act mandates the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EEA) to promulgate regulations to achieve these targets. The Act specifically requires the Commonwealth to reduce emissions by 25% below 1990 levels by 2020 and by 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) is the primary agency responsible for developing and implementing the regulations to meet these goals, often through sector-specific programs and market-based mechanisms like the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI). The Act also mandates the development of a Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS) and energy efficiency programs, which are critical components of the state’s climate mitigation strategy. The concept of “cost-effectiveness” is a guiding principle in the development of these regulations, ensuring that the benefits of GHG reductions outweigh the costs of implementation. The GWSA also requires periodic reviews and updates to the state’s climate action plan to adapt to new scientific information and technological advancements. The focus of the Act is on achieving legally binding emission reduction targets through a comprehensive regulatory framework.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA), enacted in 2008, established a comprehensive framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the Commonwealth. A key component of the GWSA is the establishment of a statewide greenhouse gas emissions limit, which the Secretary of Energy and Environmental Affairs is mandated to update periodically based on scientific recommendations from the Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EEA). The GWSA also mandates the development of sector-specific emissions reduction strategies and compliance mechanisms. The Act’s structure emphasizes a phased approach to emissions reductions, with interim benchmarks set to guide progress towards the long-term goal. The legal authority to promulgate regulations to achieve these goals is vested in the Secretary of EEA, often in consultation with other state agencies. The Act’s provisions are not static and are subject to review and adaptation based on evolving scientific understanding and technological advancements in climate mitigation. The process involves public comment periods and consideration of recommendations from advisory bodies. The ultimate goal is to achieve a scientifically determined level of emissions reduction that will effectively address the impacts of climate change within Massachusetts.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act of 2008 (GWSA), as amended, mandates significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions. A key component of achieving these reductions is the establishment of sector-specific emissions limits and compliance mechanisms. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) is responsible for developing and implementing regulations to meet these targets. Specifically, the Commonwealth’s Climate Change Roadmaps, updated periodically, outline strategies and policies across various sectors. For instance, the transportation sector, a major contributor to GHGs in Massachusetts, is addressed through initiatives like the Transportation Climate Initiative (TCI) and fuel efficiency standards. The energy sector is targeted through renewable portfolio standards (RPS), net metering policies, and the promotion of energy efficiency programs. The GWSA also empowers MassDEP to create regulations for emissions sources, including the development of a cap-and-trade program or similar market-based mechanisms, although the specific implementation details and market design are subject to ongoing regulatory development and legislative action. The intent is to create a flexible and cost-effective framework for emissions reduction, allowing entities to trade allowances or credits. This approach is designed to incentivize innovation and the adoption of cleaner technologies. The question probes the understanding of how Massachusetts aims to achieve its emissions reduction goals, focusing on the regulatory authority and the types of mechanisms MassDEP can employ under the GWSA, particularly concerning market-based solutions for emissions control. The concept of a “cap-and-invest” program, while related to market-based mechanisms, is a specific design that may or may not be the chosen implementation under the GWSA, which broadly allows for such approaches. The core authority lies in setting limits and creating a system for compliance, which could encompass various market-based designs.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA), codified in Massachusetts General Laws chapter 21N, established ambitious greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. Section 3(d) of the GWSA mandates that the Secretary of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EEA) promulgate regulations to achieve these goals. Specifically, the GWSA requires a 25% reduction in emissions below 1990 levels by 2020 and an 80% reduction by 2050. The GWSA also mandates that the Commonwealth achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. The regulations promulgated under the GWSA, particularly the “2050 Massachusetts Greenhouse Gas Emissions Roadmap,” outline strategies and policies to meet these targets. These strategies often involve a multi-sectoral approach, including energy efficiency, renewable energy deployment, transportation sector reforms, and industrial process improvements. The role of the EEA in developing and updating these regulations is central to the implementation of the GWSA. The specific emission reduction targets and the overarching goal of net-zero emissions by 2050 are key components of Massachusetts’ climate change legal framework.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA) of 2008, codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, established legally binding emissions reduction targets for the Commonwealth. Section 3(d) of the GWSA mandates that the Secretary of Energy and Environmental Affairs, in consultation with the Commissioner of the Department of Environmental Protection and the Commissioner of the Department of Energy Resources, promulgate regulations to achieve these reductions. These regulations are to be based on recommendations from the Secretary of Energy and Environmental Affairs, who is required to consult with the Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EOEEA) and the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). The GWSA specifically directs the Secretary to consider a range of measures, including renewable energy, energy efficiency, and market-based mechanisms. The process involves setting sector-specific emissions limits and developing compliance mechanisms. The core principle is to achieve a statewide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions limit of 25% below 1990 levels by 2020 and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. The regulations developed under this authority are critical for translating the statutory mandates into actionable policies. The question tests the understanding of the procedural and consultative requirements for developing these regulations as outlined in the GWSA, emphasizing the roles of specific state agencies and the consultative process.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act of 2008, codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, established a framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A key component of this act is the requirement for the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EOEEA) to develop and update a Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS) and a Clean Energy Standard (CES). The RPS mandates that a certain percentage of electricity sold in the Commonwealth be generated from eligible renewable sources. The CES, introduced later, expands upon this by requiring a progressively increasing percentage of electricity to be generated from clean energy sources, which includes renewables and other technologies meeting specific criteria for emissions reduction. The Act also mandates the development of sector-specific emissions reduction targets and compliance mechanisms. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) plays a crucial role in implementing regulations to achieve these targets, including the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center’s (MassCEC) programs that support the development and deployment of clean energy technologies. The overarching goal is to achieve a 25% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by 2020 and an 80% reduction by 2050. The question tests the understanding of the legal and regulatory architecture designed to achieve these emission reduction goals, specifically focusing on the interplay between legislative mandates and administrative implementation in Massachusetts. The correct answer reflects the core legislative mandate for emission reductions and the mechanisms established to achieve them.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA), enacted in 2008, established legally binding emissions reduction targets for the Commonwealth. Specifically, it mandates a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 25% below 1990 levels by 2020 and by 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. The Act also created the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EEA) to develop and implement a comprehensive climate change mitigation and adaptation plan. The Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) is responsible for developing regulations to achieve these emissions limits, including the Massachusetts Clean Energy Standard (CES), which requires retail electricity suppliers to source a growing percentage of their electricity from eligible clean energy sources. The CES is a key regulatory tool for achieving the electricity sector’s portion of the state’s emissions reduction goals. The Act’s framework emphasizes a sector-based approach to emissions reduction, with specific targets and strategies for various economic sectors. The concept of “Massachusetts carbon budget” is central to the GWSA’s implementation, referring to the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by the state while remaining on track to meet its long-term climate goals.

Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21A, Section 15, establishes the Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act (MEPA) review process. MEPA requires that state agencies and political subdivisions of the Commonwealth prepare environmental impact assessments for proposed projects that may have a significant effect on the environment. The MEPA regulations, found at 301 CMR 11.00, outline the thresholds and procedures for this review. For projects involving significant greenhouse gas emissions, the regulations mandate specific analysis and mitigation strategies. Specifically, 301 CMR 11.02 defines “Greenhouse Gas Emissions” and 301 CMR 11.07(2)(b)(3) requires that an Environmental Impact Report (EIR) address the project’s consistency with the Commonwealth’s greenhouse gas emissions reduction goals, as established by the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2008 (Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N). This includes analyzing direct and indirect emissions and proposing measures to avoid, minimize, or mitigate these impacts. Therefore, a developer proposing a new industrial facility in Massachusetts that is projected to emit 10,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent annually would be subject to MEPA review, necessitating an EIR that addresses greenhouse gas emissions and their mitigation in accordance with the stated regulations and the Commonwealth’s climate goals.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act of 2008, as amended, mandates the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 25% below 1990 levels by 2020 and by 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. The Act also requires the development of sector-specific emissions reduction plans. These plans are crucial for achieving the state’s ambitious climate targets. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) is responsible for developing and implementing these plans, which often involve regulatory mechanisms, incentive programs, and public engagement strategies. The concept of “cost-effectiveness” is a guiding principle in the development of these plans, meaning that the chosen strategies should achieve the required emissions reductions at the lowest possible cost to the economy and society. This involves evaluating various mitigation options, such as promoting renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and implementing clean transportation initiatives. The Act’s framework emphasizes a science-based approach to emissions inventory and projection, which informs the setting of interim compliance obligations and the evaluation of progress. The development of these sector-specific plans is a complex process that requires collaboration among state agencies, stakeholders, and the public to ensure equitable and effective implementation.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA) of 2008, codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, mandates a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions to 25% below 1990 levels by 2020 and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. The Act also requires the development of sector-specific emissions reduction potential reports and the establishment of a Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS) to promote clean energy. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) is the primary agency responsible for implementing the GWSA through regulations and programs. The concept of a “cap-and-invest” system, while a recognized climate policy tool, is not the primary mechanism currently mandated or extensively utilized by Massachusetts for achieving its GWSA targets. Instead, Massachusetts has relied more heavily on a combination of regulatory standards, market-based programs like the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), incentives for renewable energy and energy efficiency, and sector-specific performance standards. While the GWSA encourages a broad range of strategies, the question asks about the *primary* mechanism for achieving the emissions reduction goals as established by the original Act and its subsequent regulatory frameworks. The RPS is a key component of the state’s strategy to decarbonize the electricity sector, which is a significant source of emissions. Other initiatives like energy efficiency programs and the RGGI also contribute significantly, but the RPS directly addresses the transition to cleaner electricity generation, a foundational element of the GWSA’s emissions reduction strategy. Therefore, focusing on the RPS as a primary driver for achieving the GWSA’s goals, particularly in the context of electricity sector decarbonization, is accurate.

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, through its commitment to climate action, has established a robust framework for greenhouse gas emissions reduction and adaptation. Key legislation like the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2008 (GWSA), codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, mandates specific emissions reduction targets. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) is the primary agency responsible for implementing these mandates through regulations. For instance, the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) program, overseen by the Department of Energy Resources (DOER), promotes renewable energy generation, which indirectly contributes to emissions reductions. Furthermore, the Commonwealth’s Clean Energy Standard (CES), also managed by DOER, sets a baseline for the percentage of electricity sold in Massachusetts that must come from clean energy sources, including renewables and zero-emission nuclear power. This CES is a critical component of the state’s strategy to decarbonize its electricity sector. When evaluating the effectiveness of a specific policy intervention aimed at achieving the GWSA’s goals, one must consider its alignment with these established regulatory structures and its potential to drive further progress in renewable energy deployment and emissions mitigation across the state’s economy. The question probes the understanding of how different state agencies and their respective programs contribute to the overarching climate goals established by the GWSA, particularly concerning the electricity sector. The CES, as a direct mandate on electricity procurement, represents a significant mechanism for achieving these goals.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act of 2008 (GWSA), codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, mandates significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions. A key component of achieving these reductions is the establishment of sector-specific emission limits and compliance mechanisms. The Act directs the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) to develop regulations to achieve these goals. The Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS) program, while primarily focused on increasing renewable energy generation, indirectly contributes to GHG reductions by displacing fossil fuel-based electricity. However, the GWSA’s direct mechanisms for reducing emissions from sectors like transportation, buildings, and industry are more central to its mandate. The concept of “Massachusetts carbon price” is often discussed in the context of market-based mechanisms, such as a carbon fee or cap-and-trade system, which are designed to internalize the cost of carbon emissions. While Massachusetts participates in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), a cap-and-trade program for the power sector, the broader implementation of a statewide carbon price across all sectors is a policy consideration rather than a fully established, universally applied statutory requirement under the GWSA itself, though it is a strategy that can be employed to meet the GWSA’s goals. The Clean Energy Standard (CES) is another policy that promotes clean energy, but it is distinct from a direct carbon price mechanism applied broadly. The Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act (MEPA) requires environmental review for projects, which can include climate change impacts, but it is a procedural requirement, not a direct emissions pricing mechanism. Therefore, the most direct and comprehensive approach to achieving the GWSA’s emission reduction targets across multiple sectors, and a concept frequently debated and implemented to meet such mandates, is the establishment of a broad-based carbon price.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act of 2008 (GWSA), codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, established a framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the Commonwealth. A key component of this act is the requirement for the Secretary of Energy and Environmental Affairs to develop and update a greenhouse gas emissions reduction plan every five years. This plan must outline strategies and measures to achieve the mandated emission reduction targets. The Act also established the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and this inventory is updated annually by the Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP). The Act’s provisions are implemented through various regulations and policies, including the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) and the Clean Energy Standard (CES), which promote the development of renewable energy sources and the reduction of emissions from the electricity sector. Furthermore, the Act mandates participation in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), a cap-and-trade program among several northeastern and mid-Atlantic states designed to reduce emissions from the power sector. The 2008 Act set an initial goal of reducing emissions by 25% below 1990 levels by 2020, and subsequent legislation, like the Act to Promote Energy Efficiency (2008) and the Act to Advance Clean Energy (2016), have further strengthened these goals, culminating in the current target of achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, as established by the 2019 amendments. The annual emissions inventory is crucial for tracking progress towards these targets and informing the development of updated reduction plans.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act of 2008 (GWSA), codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, mandates a 25% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by 2020 and an 80% reduction by 2050. The Act established the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EOEEA) as the agency responsible for developing and implementing regulations to achieve these targets. Specifically, the Act requires the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) to promulgate regulations that establish a declining cap on statewide greenhouse gas emissions. This cap is to be allocated among sectors of the economy. The Act also mandates the development of a Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS) to increase the percentage of electricity sold in the Commonwealth that is generated from eligible renewable sources. Furthermore, the GWSA requires the establishment of a Clean Energy Center to promote the development and deployment of clean energy technologies. The concept of “market-based compliance mechanisms” is central to achieving these reductions cost-effectively. These mechanisms, such as emissions trading or carbon pricing, allow for flexibility in how regulated entities meet their obligations, encouraging innovation and cost savings. The Act’s framework is designed to be adaptive, with provisions for periodic review and updates to emissions targets and strategies. The current trajectory and regulatory framework are guided by the 2050 emissions reduction goal, which is a legally binding target under the GWSA.

The Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA), codified in Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, mandates specific greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. The Act established an initial target of reducing emissions by 25% below 1990 levels by 2020. Subsequent amendments and regulations, particularly those promulgated by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) under the authority of the GWSA, have set more ambitious long-term goals. These include achieving an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by 2050 and a net-zero emission target by that same year. The achievement of these targets relies on a suite of policies and programs, including the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), the Clean Energy Standard (CES), the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), and various energy efficiency initiatives. The “2050 Roadmap” report, for instance, outlines pathways to achieve these reductions, emphasizing electrification of transportation and buildings, decarbonization of the power sector, and advancements in clean energy technologies. The legal framework is designed to drive sector-specific emissions reductions, ensuring progress towards the overarching statewide goals. The authority for MassDEP to set these specific emission limits and regulatory mechanisms stems directly from the enabling legislation of the GWSA.

Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21N, the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2008 (GWSA), mandates that the Commonwealth reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 25% below 1990 levels by 2020 and achieve an 80% reduction by 2050. The GWSA also requires the establishment of a Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS) and the development of a Massachusetts Clean Energy Center. The RPS, regulated by the Department of Energy Resources (DOER), requires electric suppliers to obtain a certain percentage of their electricity from eligible renewable energy sources. The Act also established the Massachusetts Climate Change Advisory Committee to advise the Secretary of Energy and Environmental Affairs on strategies to achieve the emission reduction goals. The concept of “market-based compliance mechanisms,” such as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), is a key strategy employed by Massachusetts and other participating states to reduce emissions from the power sector. RGGI is a cooperative, market-based program among states in the northeastern and mid-Atlantic United States to cap and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the power sector. The program sets a declining cap on emissions from power plants and allows companies to buy and sell allowances within the cap. Massachusetts’ participation in RGGI is a direct implementation of the GWSA’s mandate to use cost-effective strategies for emission reductions. The revenue generated from the auction of these allowances is then reinvested in programs that further support clean energy, energy efficiency, and climate resilience, aligning with the broader objectives of the GWSA. The specific percentage of renewable energy required under the RPS is updated periodically by DOER through regulation, reflecting evolving policy goals and technological advancements.

The Massachusetts Clean Energy and Climate Plan for 2050, as updated, outlines a comprehensive strategy for achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. A key component of this plan involves the regulation of emissions from various sectors, including the transportation sector. The Commonwealth’s approach to decarbonizing transportation often involves a combination of regulatory mandates, incentives, and market-based mechanisms. Specifically, the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) plays a crucial role in developing and implementing these strategies. The Advanced Clean Cars II (ACC II) program, adopted by Massachusetts, is a significant regulatory measure designed to accelerate the transition to zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs). This program sets increasingly stringent emission standards for new passenger vehicles and light-duty trucks, with a mandate for a certain percentage of new vehicle sales to be ZEVs by specified future years. The adoption of ACC II by Massachusetts signifies a commitment to aligning its transportation sector emissions with its broader climate goals, building upon existing policies and federal frameworks where applicable. The effectiveness of such programs relies on their ability to drive market transformation, encourage consumer adoption of ZEVs, and ensure adequate charging infrastructure development. MassDEP’s authority to implement such programs stems from state environmental laws and regulations, which empower the agency to protect air quality and public health by controlling emissions.