Crawford v. Washington [2004]

541 U.S. 36 (2004) · Supreme Court of the United States · United States

evidence lawevidence lawcriminal law and procedure

Issue

When does admission of testimonial hearsay violate the Confrontation Clause?

Held

Testimonial statements require unavailability and a prior opportunity for cross-examination.

Exam use

Review the ratio and reasoning before applying this case in problem questions.

Summary

Modern Confrontation Clause framework.

Facts

A recorded statement by the defendant's wife was admitted although she did not testify at trial.

Issue

When does admission of testimonial hearsay violate the Confrontation Clause?

Held

Testimonial statements require unavailability and a prior opportunity for cross-examination.

Ratio Decidendi

Testimonial hearsay is barred unless the witness is unavailable and previously subject to cross-examination.

Reasoning

The Sixth Amendment preserves a procedural right of confrontation for testimonial evidence.

Essay-Ready Explanation Generator

Version 1 of 4

Reference to Crawford v. Washington (541 U.S. 36 (2004)) strengthens a evidence law answer because the case reflects the principle that Testimonial hearsay is barred unless the witness is unavailable and previously subject to cross-examination. Applied to a problem question, the case should be used after identifying the issue as When does admission of testimonial hearsay violate the Confrontation Clause? The stronger essay move is to connect the material facts to the court's holding, then explain whether the present facts support the same conclusion or justify distinguishing the authority.

Significance

Modern Confrontation Clause framework.

Related Cases

No related cases listed.

Exam Tips

Review the ratio and reasoning before applying this case in problem questions.

Revision Checklist

  • Name the issue before discussing facts so the marker sees the legal question immediately.
  • State the holding in one sentence, then use the ratio to explain why the court reached that result.
  • Use the citation and jurisdiction to show why this authority matters for the problem you are answering.
  • Pair this case with one supporting or contrasting authority if the question tests limits, policy, or exceptions.

Sources